Holocaust Memorial Historical Marker (2024)

Manhattan Beach inBrooklyn in Kings County, New York — TheAmericanNortheast (Mid-Atlantic)

Photographed By Devry Becker Jones, August 9, 2024

1. Holocaust Memorial Marker

Inscription.
Remember
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The Holocaust
The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic annihilation of six million Jews by the Nazi regime of the Third Reich and its collaborators. During World War II, the German Third Reich a vast empire of murder, pillage, and exploitation attacked virtually every country in Europe. The toll in lives was enormous. In 1933, approximately nine million Jews lived in the 21 countries of Europe that would be occupied by Germany during the war. By 1945, two out of every three European Jews had been killed, including 1.5 million Jewish children. In Eastern Europe, the Jewish death toll was ninety percent.

As the Nazi Tyrrany under Adolph Hilter spread across Europe from 1933 to 1945, millions of innocent non-Jewish people were persecuted and murdered as well. Caught up in the Nazi slaughter were more than 200,000 Gypsies (Roma and Sinti) and about 200,000 mentally or physically disabled persons. More than three million Soviet prisoners of war were killed because of their nationality. Poles as well as other Slavs were

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targeted for slave labor and as a result tens of thousands perished. Homosexuals and others deemed “anti-social” were persecuted and often murdered. In addition, thousands of political and religious dissidents such as Communists, Socialists, Trade Unionists, and Jehovah’s Witnesses were persecuted for their beliefs and behavior. Many of these individuals died as a result of maltreatment.

The concentration camp is the most enduring symbol of the Holocaust. The first camps opened soon after the Nazis took power in January 1933, and continued to operate until May 8, 1945, when World War II, and the Nazi regime, ended.

During the war, ghettos, transit camps, and forced-labor camps, in addition to concentration camps, were created by the Germans and their collaborators to imprison Jews, Gypsies, and other victims of racial and ethnic hatred as well as political opponents and resistance fighters. Following the invasion of Poland, three million Polish Jews were forced into ghettos.

After Hitler launched an attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941, the methodical murder process began with the machine-gunning of Jews by four Einsatzgruppen squads. Between 1942 and 1944, the Germans moved to eliminate the ghettos in occupied Poland and elsewhere, deporting ghetto residents to “extermination camps,” death centers equipped with gassing facilities. In Poland,

Photographed By Devry Becker Jones, August 9, 2024

2. Holocaust Memorial

after the meeting of senior German government officials in late January 1942 at Wannsee, a Berlin suburb, the decision to implement “The Final Solution” of the Jewish Question” became formal state policy. All European Jews were to be marked for death.

Six killing sites were chosen in Poland because of their proximity to railway lines and their location in semi-rural areas: Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Majdanek, and Auschwitz-Birkenau. Chelmno was the first camp in which mass executions were carried out by gas between December 1941 and July 1944. More than 320,000 people were killed at Chelmno. The death tolls for the other killing centers: Belzec -- 600,000; Sobibor -- 200,000; Treblinka -- 850,000; Majdanek -- 275,000; and Auschwitz-Birkenau -- 1,250,000.

The largest single mass deportation during the Holocaust occurred between May 14 and July 8, 1944, when 437,402 Hungarian Jews were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau in 147 transports consisting of hundreds of sealed freight cars. In that center, after an experimental gassing in September 1941, mass murder had become a daily routine. Nine out of ten people killed at Auschwitz were Jews.

This memorial is dedicated
To the eternal memory of the six million Jewish men, women, and children methodically murdered by the Nazis and their collaborators during the Holocaust;

To

Photographed By Devry Becker Jones, August 9, 2024

3. Holocaust Memorial

the five million other innocent human beings who were also murdered under German rule during World War II;

To the heroes of the ghettos and the Jewish armed resistance;

To the partisans and allied soldiers who fought for freedom;

To those who survived the horrors and degradation of the Nazis;

To the few righteous among the nations who risked their lives to shield those targeted for death;

And to all those who wage battle for freedom and human dignity.

Humanity must learn, understand, and remember so that it will never happen again.

Remember!

Oksenhorn & Szafran Families • Yoseleh Furleiter • Moses & Zygmund Broch • Gezella & David Saffer & Family • Melanie Wiener • Elsa Sperper • Oscar Sperber & Family • Orbach Family: Shmuel, Hirsh, Esther, mani, Gitel, Pinia, Getzel • Fela Schenker • Murlaga Family • Wieder Family • Nessy Shkoinik • Klara Levit • Israel Levit
Yelsk, Belarus
In memory of Aron & Riva Grenadier and hundreds of Jewish men, women and children drowned by the Nazis in the Pripyat River in Yelsk, Belarus October 1941
Bergen-Belsen
Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp was opened in Germany in April 1943 for the initial purpose of exchanging Jews who were imprisoned

Photographed By Devry Becker Jones, August 9, 2024

4. Holocaust Memorial

Flowers have been left at the plaque dedicated to Anne Frank and her story.

there for German nationals held in Allied countries. While hundreds of Jews were later released to Switzerland thousands died in the camp.

Until March 1944 conditions were relatively good in comparison with those in other concentration camps. However the Germans soon began housing at Bergen-Belsen those deemed unfit for work. The influx of those tens of thousands of ill and starving prisoners joined by evacuees ondeath marches led to the rapid deterioration of condition. This resulted in the deaths of 17,000 more victims from January 1945 onward.

In April 1945 British armed forces arrived at the camp of the 60,000 freed prisoners most of whom were Jews. 14,000 died within five days of liberation. 14,000 more died in the following weeks.

The Wannsee Conference
The purpose of this brief meeting on January 20, 1942 at the Villa Am Grossen Wannsee 56-58 in Berlin was to coordinate the implementation of Hiltler’s final solution.

Presided over by Reinhard Heydrich, Deputy to SS Chief Heinrich Himmler, and Adolf Eichman, the Wannsee Conference authorized the most important German ministries to take an active roll in the methodical murder of the Jewish people.

Heydrich’s thinly-veiled references to the mass killing of Jews, begun with Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, included euphemisms

Photographed By Devry Becker Jones, August 9, 2024

5. Holocaust Memorial

like “natural diminution,” “practical experiences,” and “treated accordingly.” His rhetoric left none of his listeners in doubt about the intended scope of this policy, the total annihilation of Europe’s 11 million Jews.In memory of hundreds of Jews killed by the Nazis in the Town of Logoisk, Belarus August 1941
Mordecai Tennenbaum-Tamaroff
(1916 - 1943)
A leader of the Vilna and Warsaw undergrounds this Dror Zionist activist created a unique underground archive in Bialystok and directed an uprising there.

When mass deportations from the Bialystok Ghetto began in February 1943, Tennenbaum-Tamaroff advised against revolt because of the lack of available weapons. By July he had united all the resistance movements and in August ordered an unsuccessful escape to the forest. Tennenbaum-Tamaroff fell although some groups held out for as long as a month and a few reached the partisans.

In memory of the hundreds of Jewish victims killed in Khashchevato a town in the former Odessa Region during the years of the Holocaust
Belzec
Located near the City of Lublin in Southeastern Poland, Belzec was designed as a death camp in conjunction with the Nazis Aktion Reinhard to annihilate Jews in the interior of occupied Poland.

In the months

Photographed By Devry Becker Jones, August 9, 2024

6. Holocaust Memorial

following March 1942, when Belzec began operating, prisoners from the Lublin District were joined by Jews from Eastern Galicia, Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia. Six hundred thousand people (including at least 2,000 non-Jews most of whom were Gypsies) died at Belzec, poisoned by carbon monoxide pumped into sealed chambers. The Nazis liquidated the camp in the Spring of 1943.

As part of the German plan to phase out the camp, bodies were exhumed from mass graves and cremated with trees planted over the plowed site. The remaining 600 Jewish captives were murdered. Rudolf Reder was one of the few prisoners to escape death and gave testimony to the horrors of Belzec.

Denmark
For three years after Germany occupied Denmark in World War II the country’s 8,000 Jews lived in relative safety and peace.

The Danes under King Christian X, who had initially reached an agreement with the Nazis to maintain the country’s democratic administration, began a show of resistance to the Reich in mid-1943. The German commander in turn declared a state of emergency and started arresting Jews in October of that year.

When reports of plans for a mass deportation were made known, Danes worked to hide Jews and ferry them to safety in Sweden in three weeks, 7,200 Jews, 700 half Jews and Gentiles married to Jews were rescued.

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Four hundred sixty-four remaining Jews were deported to Theresienstadt Ghetto but Danish intervention. Ultimately resulted in their release. Only 51 died.Eruchtman Family • Rechtsman Family • Ernst Podhaicer • Eksztajn-Eckstein Manela Bajla • Ico Huno Szlamek Majer Dawidek • Herszlikowicz Hil Ita Princus • Aron Jacob • Max Sally & Shmuel MontagMoshe Mordchai Blima & Kuba Glik • Shiye & Pearl Chaye Blum • Berek, Ester, Ruth & Bronia Faige • Icek Berek • Ruchla & Hela Zborowski • Abram Glidman • Berish, Faige, Hershel, Udl, Moniek Low • Avrum, Ruchl, Yankel & Grinszpan Family • Hanya, Mikhail, Itka, Isrol, Berka Kustanovich • Bercka & Fanya Leyzekovich • Rosa Leyzerovich • Janckel Kapchits • Ber Don Lopata • Iska Parnikash Lopata • Rashe Katsnelson • Shiomo Rikelman
Adam Czerniakow
(1880 - 1942)
This engineer was the first head of the Nazi-appointed Jewish Council in the Warsaw Ghetto. Czerniakow helped obtain food, encouraged secret classes, and did much to relieve the general suffering of his fellow Jews.

On July 23, 1942, Czerniakow committed suicide rather than comply with Nazi orders to sign the second mass deportation order. The transports to Treblinka continued unhalted until October, taking a toll of 310,000 innocent lives.

To the memory of 20,000 Subkarration Jews deported and massacred by the Nazis near Kamenetz Podolski, Ukraine August - September 1941 and in memory of thousands of Jewish residents of the Town of Kamenetz-PodolskiIn memory of hundreds of Jews killed by the Nazis in the Shtetl of Staraya Sinyava, Ukraine August 1941
The heels are tapping
Where to, where to, what in?
From the old Vilna streets
They ship us to Berlin
I need not ask whose
But my heart is rent
Oh tell me shoes the truth
Where were the feet sent?
The feet of those boots
With buttons like dew,
The child of those slippers
The woman of that shoe?
And children’s shoes everywhere,
Why don’t I see a child?
Why are the bridal shoes there
Not worn by the bride?
Among the children’s worn out boots
My mother’s shoes so fair!
Sabbath was the only day
She donned the footwear

Abraham Sutzkever in the Vilna Ghetto upon seeing a trainload of shoes once the property of murdered Jews. The shoes were being sent to needy Germans in Berlin.
The Butterfly
(Theresienstadt Ghetto June 4, 1942)
The last, the very last, so richly, brightly, dazzingly yellow perhaps if the sun’s tears would sing against a white stone.

Such, such a yellow is carried lightly, way up high. It went away I’m sure because it wished to kiss the world goodbye.

For seven weeks I’ve lived in here, penned up inside this ghetto but I have found my people here. The dandelions call to me and the white chestnut candles in the court. Only I never saw another butterfly.

That butterfly was the last one. Butterflies don’t live here in the ghetto.

Pavel Friedmann, died at Auschwitz-Birkenau on September 27, 1944 at the age of 23.


Ninth Fort
One of a chain of forts built around Kovno, a city in Lithuania in the 19th century, the Ninth Fort was the site of execution for more than 50,000 men, women and children. The systematic mass executions began there in the early Autumn of 1941 and lasted through the Summer of 1944. Most of the victims were Jews from the Kovno Ghetto and deportees from Germany.

In the Fall of 1943 under Action 1005 the Germans secretly began to burn the buried corpses. Many Jews who were forced to do this work managed to escape to the Rudniki Forest where they fought with partisan units until the arrival of the Red Army.

Schmuel Artur Zygelbojm
(1895 - 1943)

A prominent member of the Jewish Socialist Bund Comrade, Artur fled Poland in early 1940 when confront ed with the risk of arrest by Nazis.

Zygelbojm served in London as the Bund representative on the National Council of the Polish Government-in-Exile from mid-1942 on. He played a major role in alerting the free world to the Nazi persecution of Jews and to the need for rescue and retaliatory measures against the Third Reich.

In a desperate gesture to shake Allied apathy, Zygelbojm committed suicide on May 12, 1943, one day after an underground Polish radio station announced the massacre of the last Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto, among whom were his wife and son. He left behind two letters -- one sent to the Polish President, the other to the Polish Prime Minister -- which articulated his protest against the Allies. Neither letter received official acknowledgement from the democratic government.

Rashela Cuna • Guthajn (Goodheim) • Israel Bronshteyn • Ester Bronshteyn • Tsipa, Ilya, Neuma Lusya, Fima • Solomon R. Wolmark • Helmut Hirsch • Tzilli and Lotti • Kurt BlumentalIn memory of the Jewish communities of Staronstantinov and OstropolKaplun Family • Ita Rayzel Lopata • Avrum & Zlote Nimirovsky • Etti Raize Kauhsansky
Buchenwald
Established in 1937 for the detainment of political and “asocial elements,” Buchenwald grew into one of the Third Reich’s largest concentration camps.

Located north of the German city of Weimar, Buchenwald was used as a prison for approximately 10,000 Jews after Kristallnacht. Though most were eventually released on condition of emigration, beginning in 1942 Jewish prisoners and Gypsies were sent to Auschwitz in 1944. Hungarian Jews from Auschwitz were distributed among Buchenwald’s branch camps, where they joined thousands of other prisoners to work in nearby armament factories.

The Germans began clearing out Buchenwald in April 1945, which in turn resulted in the death of one quarter of the 28,000 evacuees. American armed forces reached the cam during the same month.

Approximately 240,000 prisoners from 30 countries passed through Buchenwald and its satellites, more than 65,000 perished.

I Believe
I believe in the sun even when
It is not shining
I believe in love when feeling it
Not
I believe in God even when he is
Silent

--Inscription on the walls of a cellar in Cologne, Germany where Jews hid from Nazis


Dedicated to the Memory of the Disabled Community
From 1933 through the end of the war the Nazis forcibly sterilized up to 400,000 people with disabilities, and murdered approximately 250,000 men, women and children they regarded as “useless eaters,” with “lives not worth living.”

Beginning in the Winter of 1939-1940, people with disabilities were victims of carbon monoxide gassings in transport vehicles and later in chambers.

Instituted in hospitals the program “T-4” systematically sent adults with disabilities to their deaths in gas chambers under the “euthanasia” programs. German doctors authorized the murder of their own patients by lethal injection, overdose of medication and starvation.

Michael Ber Weissmandel
(1902 - 1956)
A leader of the Jewish underground in Slovakia, this Orthodox Rabbi helped end transports to Poland in 1942. He engaged in many efforts to rescue Jews in Slovakia, but failed in his attempts to halt all deportations from Western Europe and the Balkans. Rabbi Weissmandel also passed on eyewitness testimony in mid-1944 from four Jews who had fled Auschwitz and he unsuccessfully demanded that the Allies bomb Birkenau and the railway lines leading to it from Hungary.

Rabbi Weissmandel jumped from a train bound for Auschwitz and reached safety in Switzerland near the war’s end.

Lieb & Cypora Rubin Spiro • Anna Rudich • Dr. Minna Rudich
Babi Yar
The systematic murder of European Jewry by Germany and its collaborators during World War II was launched with Hitler’s attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941. By the spring of 1943, when the German retreat began, the four Einsatzgruppen squads assigned to help implement the “Final Solution” had murdered 1.25 million Jews, and hundreds of thousands of others, they were aided in the process by German and local police batallions.

Of the numerous killing grounds, Babi Yar occupies a distinctive place in history. In this ravine northwest of Kiev, an Einsatzgruppen unit commanded by Paul Blobel machine-gunned 33,771 Jews on September 29 and 30, 1941.

In subsequent months, many more thousands of Jews were captured and taken to Babi Yar to be shot. Some Ukrainians helped Jews go into hiding. A significant number betrayed them. Blobel oversaw the cremation of the bodies in 1943. One hundred thousand victims, the majority of whom were Jews in addition to the Soviet POWs and Gypies died here.

I pray you believe what I have said about Buchenwald. I have reported what I saw and heard, but only one part of it, for most of it have no words. Dead men are plentiful in war, but not the living dead. More than twenty thousand of them in one camp, and the country round about was pleasing to the eye, and the Germans were well fed and well dressed. American trucks were rolling toward the rear filled with prisoners. Soon they would be eating American rations as much for a meal as the men at Buchenwald receive in four days.”

If I offended you by this rather mild account of Buchenwald, I’m not in the least sorry.

--Edward Murrow, war correspondent, 1945


Anne Frank
(1929 - 1945)
Born to a German-Jewish family Anne Frank moved with her parents to Amsterdam shortly after Adolf Hitler came to power.

When her older sister was summoned to register for forced German labor, the family took up residence in a secret annex to Otto Frank’s office for two years. Aided by a few of Mr. Frank’s Gentile workers, the family and four others lived in the cramped rooms until they were denounced and arrested.

The Franks were sent to Auschwitz on September 3, 1944. Mother Edith perished in Berkenau. Margot and Anne died of typhus at Bergen-Belsen in March 1945. Otto Frank was the lone survivor.

Anne’s wartime diary, salvaged by her father’s business associate Miep Gies has been translated into fifty languages with nearly 20 million copies published to date. The continued interest in this brave, sensitive, young woman is a tribute to her irrepressible spirit in the face of the Holocaust.

From December 1938 through 1940 the Kindertransport brought close to 10,000 children, mostly Jewish, from Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland to safety in the United Kingdom. Much smaller numbers of children were sent to the Netherlands, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Sweden, Denmark, and the United States. Most of the children never saw their parents again as they were murdered in the Holocaust. After World War II, many of the children settled in New York.
Janusz Korczak
(1878 - 1942)
Henryk Goldszmit known by the pseudonym Janusz Korczak was a progressive educator, physician, and social worker who directed a Jewish orphanage in Warsaw along with educator Stefania Wilczynska.

Janusz Korczak wrote numerous pioneering books on pedagogy and children’s literature, many of which were later translated into several languages. Korczak rescued many youngsters after the Nazi invasion of Poland and when the orphanage’s entire population was deported to Treblinka in August 1942, insisted on accompanying his charges.

Viewing the orderly three-mile procession of 200 well-dressed children led by Korczak to the train, a witness told historian Emmanuel Ringelblum this was not a march to the railway cars. This was an organized wordless protest against the murder!

Wielun
We the Jewish Holocaust survivors and descendents of Wielun, Poland, dedicate this memorial in honor of our families and friends and the six million Jewish people who were murdered during the Holocaust.

On September 1, 1939, Wielun was among the first towns to be bombed by the German Luftwaffe. Nearly one-third of the population of Wielun was Jewish. The main synagogue was destroyed. And for us, the destruction never ended our promise to our murdered families is to keep their memory alive and to do all we can to create a more humane civilization with compassion for all people.

Wieloner Benevolent Association
Established 1891

The Zaglembie Region Poland
Jews had lived and thrived in the Zaglembie Region of Poland for over 600 years when the Nazi regime undertook the systematic murder of about 100,000 Jews from 45 communities including Bedzin, Czeladz, Dabrowa, Gornicza, Sosnowiec, Slawkow, Strzemieszyce, Wolbrom and Zawiercie armed resistance was valiantly attempted by a unified organization in the Bedzin Ghetto.
Tuvya Bielski
(1906 - 1987)
A Polish corporal before World War II, Bielski returned to his family’s village near Novogrudok when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union. After his parents and other family members were killed in that ghetto. Tuvya, joined by his brothers Zusya, Asael, and Aharon fled to the forests.

Chosen as commander of a small partisan group, Bielski invited the Jews remaining remaining in the region’s ghettos to join him the Bielski Brigade sought to avenge the murder of Jews by Belorussian police and local farmers operating from deep within the Naliboki Forest. Bielski made his camp a maintenance, base for Soviet fighters.

In the Summer of 1943, the Nazis began a massive crackdown on partisan groups. Bielski courageously disobeyed a Soviet command to pare down his unit to unmarried men of fighting age to allow the groups to better resist the Nazi assaults. Following the order would have meant abandoning the large number of civilians, including family members of the partisans who camped with the band and lived under its protection. Retreating to the thickest part of the forest, the Bielski Brigade guarded a family camp of more than 1,200 Jews until the area’s liberation a year later. This was the largest such rescue effort of the war.

The Bergson Group
Hillel Kook, using the pseudonym Peter Bergson led the emergency committee to save the Jewish people of Europe, also known as the Bergson Group. In 1943-44 they staged theatrical programs, sponsored hundreds of newspaper advertisements, lobbied government officials, and organized a march by rabbis in Washington. These efforts led to a congressional resolution that helped influence President Roosevelt to establish the War Refugee Board, which played a major role in saving an estimated 200,000 Jews and other refugees.Manya Shavzin & Family • Sosia Samets-Pincovetskaya • Hilel & Sheina Kopelowitz • Leibele Arie Fogelman • Isaiah & Foigel Moses • Devorah Rivka Fraindlich • Gitel Fraindlich • Alice Herman • Pearl Herman • Herman, Gellis Families • Becher Sambol Families • Mackin & Dernis Families • Lidsky-Avrohom Sholom • Chasya and entire family
Dedicated to the Memory of the Gypsy, Roma and Sinti Community
In 1938, a central office to “combat the Gypsy nuisance” was established in Berlin. The German criminal police worked to locate and classify by race all Gypsies in Germany, Austria, and, after March 1930, in the Czech lands. Throughout Nazi-occupied Europe, Gypsies were interned and deported to labor and death camps. In Autumn 1941, 5,000 Austrian Gypsies were deported to the Lodz Ghetto. Those who survived conditions in the ghetto were deported in the Winter of 1942-1942 to Chelmno, where they were killed by poison gas, between 196,000 and 220,000 Roma were killed by the authorities of Germany and its Axis partners.
Yitzhak Katzenelson
(1886 - 1944)
This Hebrew/Yiddish poet and playwright contributed to the underground press and to the cultural life of the Warsaw Ghetto.

His writings lauded Jewish heroism, called for punishment of the German nation, and indicted apathetic Western Christian civilization.

In April 1944 Katenelson and his son Zvi were sent from the Vittel Transit Camp to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where they were killed. Left behind were his Vittel diary and the 15-canto elegy, the Song of the Murdered Jewish People.

Le Chambon-Sur-Lignon
Inspired by pastor André Trocmé and guided by his wife Magda, the largely Protestant population of this southern French town believed that the concealment of Jews facing German deportation was a Christian duty. Some Jews were even smuggled into Switzerland with the aid of Pastor Edouard Theis and others.

Daniel Trocmé, a cousin of André, was director of a children’s home in Le Chambon -- Maison De Roches -- where Jews were hidden. He perished in Buchenwald for his efforts to save Jewish children. Some 3,000 to 5,000 Jews found unique shelter in Le Chambon and its environs between 1941 and 1944.

I Believe
I believe with complete faith in the coming of the Messiah, and even though he may delay, nevertheless I anticipate every day that he will come.

-- A traditional prayer that was chanted by many Jews as they were led to their deaths during the years of the Holocaust


David Stranger • Aaron Stranger • Pepi Stranger • Hena Stranger • Yankel Veksler • Fania Veksler • Sima Veksler • Boruch Voloshin • Haya Voloshina • Biegacz-Berger Families • Abraam AntsisEizner, Jacob, Bronia, Sara, Elka, Rakhal, Simcha Fogelman • Gerson Landmann • Sofie Choikelewna Landmann • Maro, Boruch, Leyba, Bronya, Aron Abrasha • Rubin Lev Roza Katya, Bella
Mogilev - Podolsky Ghetto (Ukraine)

Yitzhak Nissenbaum
(1868 - 1942)
This leader of the Mizrachi Religious-Zionist Movement proposed to dejected fellow residents in the Warsaw Ghetto that since the Germans demanded possession of the Jew’s body all were obligated to sanctify life -- Kiddush Hachayim -- by any means of resistance.

Many Jews in occupied Europe adopted this stance. They were determined to not fall victim to the Nazi plan for dehumanization and death. Rabbi Nissenbaum perished in the ghetto.

Mauthausen
This concentration camp located near Linz, Austria was established in conjunction with SS Chieftan Heinrich Himmler’s plan to exploit an abandoned granite quarry following Germany’s annexation of Austria in March 1938. Several satellites of the camp, including the notorious Gusen Gunskirchen and Ebensee were later built.

Forced labor at the quarry entailed carrying stones weighing 110 pounds or more up 186 narrow steps to the camp. The arduous work as well as execution by shooting hanging and phenol injection claimed the lives of nearly 20,000 of the 200,000 prisoners who passed through the Mauthausen complex of the dead more than 38,000 were Jews.

Yeruchim Fishel Rosiner • Scheindl Rosiner • Sarah Rosiner • Chaim Posiner • Hersch Eliezer Posiner • Kalman Posiner • Chaja Rosenberg • Chanya Rosiner Krebs • Baruch Rosiner Krebs • Feige Rosiner Krebs • Sosia Rosiner Krebs • Yudel Kosiner • Mala Rosiner • Hersh Rosiner • Chaim Rosiner • Sonia Rosiner • Yudel Rosiner • Kaisel Rosiner
Jadovno - Gospic - Pag
Within days of the establishment of the Fascist independent state of Croatia on April 10, 1941, the first concentration camp complex in Croatia was organized at Jodovno, Gospic and Pag. Between mid April and August 1941 thousands of men, women, and children mostly Serbs and Jews, were killed there by the Croatian Ustashe. At Jodovno the victims’ bodies were thrown into cave pits hundreds of feet deep.

These camps were the precursor to the much larger Jasenovac Camp complex to which the surviving prisoners of this complex were sent in August 1941 as part of the Ustashe regime’s overall plan to exterminate all Jews, Serbs, Romas, and political opponents within their territory.

Bywalski Family: Paul, Pinchos, Maurice, Mrozek, Symcha, Tyton, Felicie, Severin Berthe • Fibich Family: Jankiel, Arja, Chana, Enta, Minska, Regine, Rywka, Rajzner, Wolf, Rajzner, Hela, Haja, Brucha, Schlamick • Kreyderman Family: Cheykl, Feiga, Shopsa, Gershl, Lazar, Ruvin, Bluma, Sara, Sheyva, Velvl • Kosh Abba and daughter Sarah • Rekar Family: Yankel, Necha, Nesya, Mendel, Riva, Kolmen, Berl, Riva, Mechel, Sucher • Reich Family: Benjamin, Leya, Enya, Chana, Shunya
And the Lord said to Cain “Where is your brother?” And he said, “I know not. Am I my brother’s keeper?” And he said, “What have you done? The voice of your brother’s blood cries unto me from the ground.”

Genesis, Chapter V, Verses 9-10


Mordecai Gebirtig
(1877 - 1942)
Mordecai Bertig used Gebirtig as his pen name. He was a carpenter and Yiddish folk poet. His most famous poem “S’Brent” (1938) warned of the danger confronting European Jewry on the eve of World War II and later inspired youth in the Cracow Ghetto to take up arms against the Germans.

Gebirtig was deported along with his wife, their two daughters, and 5,000 other Jews in the first transports from that ghetto to Belzec in June 1942.

You who read these words remember.

Remember that in the years of darnkess from 1933 to 1945 in German-occupied Europe six million men, women, and children were murdered with unprecedented brutality only because they were Jewish.

Remember that thousands upon thousands of Jewish communities were uprooted, schools and synagogues destroyed, and the hopes of an entire generation reduced to ashes.

Remember that all this happened at a time when evil was triumphant because the world remained silent.

Elie Wiesel, survivor and recipient of the Nobel Prize for Peace, 1986


Ita Bekker • Israel Bekker • Mendel Grosser • Yacob Bronshtein • Rachela Censor • Ernestyna Censor • Kopytko Family • Winiecki Family • Westreich Family • Abramovich Family • Rozenblit Family • Isidor Frommer • Jenny Frommer • Bertha Frommer • Aleksandr Gaeperin • Sender Nemoy • Izivia Kaufman • Rachel Kaufman • Paul Schorr • Mathilde Schorr • Heinz Schorr • Ignatz Geller • Eva Geller • Victor Jellinek
First they came for the Socialists,
And I did not speak up because I was not a Socialist.
Then they came for the Trade Unionists,
And I did not speak up because I was not a Trade Unionist.
Then they came for the Jews
And I did not speak up because I was not a Jew.
Then they came for me
And there was no one left to speak for me.

Reverend Martin Niemoller, Germany, 1937


Shpungin Family: Joseph, Reizel, Shmuel, Sheva, Chone, Boruch
Killed in the town of Livany, Latvia 1941

Shukhat Family: Isaac, Brana, Chuna, Klara, Ida, Charna, Lazar and Moisey Saratsky killed by the Nazis in the ghettos of Odessa & Balta 1941

Shurovich Family: Godik, Miriam, Frida, Misha, Minna, Tanya killed in the Town of Odessa December 1941

Kaplinsky Family: Isaak and Bella, & Son Yakov, Minsk Ghetto 1941-1943

Lilov, Voogenshmidi and Kaichman Families and hundreds of Jewish residents of the Village of Gruzev, Ukraine


Death Marches
Prisoners of the Nazis were forced to march for hundreds of miles often under brutal conditions. In retreat from the rapidly advancing Allies, the zealous SS evacuated camps in Warsa, Bor., Budapest, Auschwitz, Stutthof Gross-Rosen, Buchenwald, Dora-Mittelbau and other sites from 1944 until the final days of the war. Thousands, mostly Jews who lacked food and water and could not keep up were shot on the spot. Approximately 250,000 lives were lost.
Dachau
The first of the Third Reich concentration camps, Dachau, located ten miles from Munich, was to be the model for those that followed. Its opening in March 1933 was announced at a press conference by Heinrich Himmler, later appointed to direct Hitler’s “Final Solution of the Jewish Question.”

At first the camp received political opponents of the Nazi Party, then Jehovah’s Witnesses, Gypsies, homosexuals, and clergy, the systematic persecution of Jews in November 1938 brought more than 10,000 Jews to Dachau, from where many were initially released with proof of intent to leave the country during World War II. Jewish prisoners were either transported to death centers or remained at Dachau subject to pseudo-medical experiments and the brutality of SS officers.

By the time U.S. troops reached the inmates of Dachau on April 25, 1945, more than 40,000 people had been killed, 60 to 90 percent of them Jews.

Nuremberg Laws
These laws of disenfranchisement passed by the Reichstag during the annual Nazi Party Rally in September 1935 were intended to legitimize Antisemitic sentiment.

The Reich Citizenship Law Classified Jews as state subjects thereby excluding them from some (the right to vote and hold public office), but not all protections and rights as a result of the law and its corollaries. The law for the protection of German blood and honor outlawed marriages and extramarital relations between the non-Aryan Jews and Germans, prohibited Jews from raising the German flag, and forbade them from employing Aryan females under age 45 for work in their households.

Believing that the Nuremberg Laws, however unfair, were in some way meant to guarantee their safety in the wake of recent Antisemitic violence, many Jews accepted their second-class status. Three years later, Kristallnacht shattered such hopes forever.

Kushner Family - Stabzer • Naftaly & Rosa Shargel • Mordecaj Henia Meyer • Sara Kupfershmid • Nison, Shifra, Genia, Weissman, Mier, Leika, Genya, Yusim • Abraham & Bertha Gross • Blatter Family • Klara & Markus Meier • Oskar, Regina & Daughter • Berta, Berman, Jakob Lottie • Aron Moshinsky
Hanna Szenes
(1921 - 1944)
Szenes was a Hungarian national who immigrated to Eretz Israel in 1939. In 1943, this young poet along with approximately 250 other volunteers form the Jewish Yishuv in Palestine offered to serve as British agents and emissaries to their fellow Jews under Nazi rule.

One of a group of 32 Palestinian Jews who parachuted into occupied Europe, Hanna Szenes spent three months in German-occupied Yugoslavia with Tito’s Partisans. Certain that their example of personal sacrifice would inspire other Jews a relief reflected in her Hebrew poem “Blessed is the Match.”

Szenes crossed into Hungary in June 1944 but was captured immediately. She refused to break her silence even when subjected to torture and death threats to her mother, then living in Budapest. Brought to trial after five months of imprisonment, she was shot as a traitor to Hungary. Six other parachutists were executed by the Germans in 1950. Szenes’ remains were transferred to Har Herzl in Jerusalem.

St. Louis
The St. Louis was a German ocean liner that sailed from Hamburg in May 1939 carrying 930 Jews and six other voyagers who held entry certificates for Cuba, but who were told en route that their documents had been invalidated. Only 23 passengers were admitted to Havana. The U.S. State Department refused entry even for the over 700 who had affidavits of support. South American ports also remained closed.

American Jewish funds ultimately enabled the group to enter Great Britain, Belgium, France and the Netherlands, but most would die in the Holocaust.

Whoever sheltered or even simply assisted a Jew risked terrifying punishment. In this regard it is only right to remember that a few thousand Jews survived through the entire Hitlerian period. Hidden in Germany and Poland in convents, cellars, and attics by citizens who were courageous, compassionate, and above all sufficiently intelligent to observe for years the strictest discretion.

-- Primo Levi from

The Drowned and the Saved, 1988

Herman Palkovitz • Terisa Weis Palkovitz • Avraham Yetzchak Klein • Sarah Liebowitz Klein • Palkovitz Family • Klein Family • Klara PalkovitzIn memory of thousands of Jewish residents of the Shtetls of Ukraine killed by the Nazis in 1941

Chernevtsy • Moevka • Borovka • Babchentsy

Derejnik Family: Shikeh, Sonya, Boris, Klara, Fira, Losya, Grisha, Anya, Vova • Esther Schertz Bobker • Shlomo Sato-Garlebach • Langer Simon David • Chernysh Family: Sosya, Aba, Avrum, Victor • Sonya Royzman & Riva Royt • Isaak Lyakhovetsky • Israel LyakhovetskyIn memory of hundreds of relatives and friends, residents of the village of Bogdanovka Stavropol Region killed by the Nazis and their collaborators in September 1942Litvak Family, Ilyintsy Ukraine 1944 • Saratovsky Family, Bessarabia 1941 • Semen Rivkin, Slutsk, Belarus 1941 • Zalman Karasik, Bobruysk, Belarus, 1942 • Tsarfis and Gorenshtein FamiliesIn memory of the families of Epstein, Halipsky, Soloveichik, Levin, Riger, Gurevich and thousands of Jews murdered by the Nazis in the ghettos of Belynichi, Krugloe, and Shepelevichi, Belarus December 1941 - June 1942.Yitzchak Fischer • Rochel Fischer • Yehuda Fischer • Goldy Fischer • Shlomo Josef Treger Wiener • Miriam Treger Wiener • Badana Treger Weitz • Nahama Treger Wiener • Esther Treger Wiener • Bezalel Treger WeltzSofi & Mendel Shtaygman • Abraham Khankin • Fuchinskaya Brucha • Olshanskaya Zunya • Ber Sheyna Vovsi • Soud Moses Vovski • Moisey & Sonya Margolin • Israel Margolin • Family Margolin from Osipovichi • Fruma & Family Finkelshtein • Yefrem Zaslavsky & Parents • Family Shulyakovski • Ray & Veniamin Vigdorchick

Zaenchik Family: Zyama, Gala, Sarah & Lazar • Glusk, Belarus December 1941

Boris and Sonya Kalantyrsky • Babi Yar

The Anthem of the Jewish Partisans
Oh, never say that you have reached the endThat clouds block out your very light of dayFor the hour we longed for yet will appearOur marching feet will thunder. We are here.

Hirsh Glik in the Vilna Ghetto 1943


Yitzchak Runkbaken • Victor Rundbaken • Franya Rundbaken • Rachel Rundbaken • Sarah Runkbaken
Dedicated to the Memory of the Jehovah’s Witnesses
Between 1933 and 1945, approximately 3,200 Jehovah’s Witnesses were sent to concentration camps. They were deemed voluntary prisoners because they could op for release if they agreed to sign a statement that they had recanted their religious beliefs. Most Jehovah’s Witnesses in the camps did not renounce their religion. Many of those who remained free lost their jobs, pensions, civil rights, and custody of their children. More than one in three died in the concentration camps. At least 1,900 Jehovah’s Witnesses were killed under the Nazi regime.
Jasenovac
From August 1941 to April 1945 hundreds and thousands of Serbs, Jews and Roma as well as anti-Fascists of many nationalities were murdered at the Jasenovac Death Camp run by Croatian “Ustashe.”

Jasenovac was a complex of five major and three smaller camps in south central Croatia along the Sava River. Today most of the Jasenovac complex lies within contemporary Croatia. The main killing and burial ground of Gradina lies across the Sava in present day Bosnia.

The Evian Conference
The assembly of 32 countries met at Evian-Les-Bains, France in July 1938 to assist the emigration of refugees from Germany and Austria and to create an organization to solve the refugee problem.

The State Department urged President Franklin D. Roosevelt to convene the meeting to relieve public pressure for a more liberal U.S. immigration policy following the rise of Nazi assaults on Jews. Roosevelt announced before the conference that no country would be expected to alter its laws. The British and all others followed suit stating that political and economic concerns ruled out a large-scale admission of refugees. Only the Dominican Republic volunteered to contribute large-scale areas for agricultural colonization. The Sosua settlement ultimately took in 645 Jews.

The Western democracies generally indicated that they would remain closed to the stateless Jews of Europe. Euphemistically referred to as refugees, Evian’s Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees was equally ineffectual during the Holocaust.

In Memory of Jewish Holocaust Victims Killed by the Nazis in Proskurov and Shtetls in the region, 1941 - 1944
Dunaevtsy • Derazhnya • Zinkov • Yarmolintsy • Bazaliya • Teofipol • Satanov • Antoniny • Chernyi • Osirov • Pilyava • Felshtin • Kupel • Medzhibozh • Kupin • Letichev • Mikhalpol • Nikolaev • Frampol • Gorodok • Minkovtsy • Vinkovtsy • Volochisk • Chemfrovtsy • Yampol • KulchinChaia Esther Jamel • Leib Jamel • Rivka Jamel • Moshe Jamel • Miriam Jamel • Menachem Jamel • Mordchai Jamel • Shimon Jamel

Mortch Posniak • Nesshi Posniak • Cakey Posniak • Marsha Posniak • Ethel Posniak • Rochel Posniak • Feivel Posniak • Shepsel Posniak • Sruilie Posniak

Pessil Faust Kleinman • Miriam Kleinamn • David Kleinman • Moshe Jacob Kleinman • Pina Kleinman • Simcha Kleinman • Esther Kleinman • Rachel Kleinman

David Katz • Sheindel Marcovic • Jentu Yosef Marcovic • Rachel Gitel Zvi Markovic • Shmuel Zvi Shwarcz • Esther Avraham Shwartz • Moshe Hence Shwarcz • David Zeev Shwarcz • Yosef Haul

Moshe & Chawa Oksenhendler • Naftula Miriam Yosel • Rachel Oksenhendler • Malka Motel Itcher • Mania Rosencwaig • Avram & Hynda Iwanowicz • Yacov & Malka Iwanowicz • Getel & Chil Gutman • Meschulim & Berta Landman

Raoul Wallenberg
(1912 - )
This Swedish diplomat is credited with saving the lives of tens of thousands of Hungarian Jews during the Holocaust.

After arriving in Budapest in July 1944 as a government appointee, Wallenberg, a Gentile, soon drew up protective passports for 5,000 Jews slated for deportation to Nazi death camps. Funds from the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee abroad also enabled him to open hostels for 15,000 as part of an international ghetto.

When death marches to the Austrian border began, Wallenberg pursued the convoy and brought hundreds of Jews back to Budapest. He even helped foil a Nazi-Hungarian arrow cross plan to blow up two ghettos with 115,000 Jews just before the city’s liberation.

The highly suspicious Soviets arrested him in the capital on January 17, 1945. Soviet authorities asserted in 1956 that Wallenberg had died in Moscow’s Lubyanka Prison in 1947 though the claim has never been verified. In 1981 the U.S. Congress made him an honorary American citizen in recognition of his heroic rescue efforts (the only person besides Winston Churchill to be so honored).

Chaim Zalman Wolsky • Libe Priluk Wolsky • Gitel Lew • Fishel Lew • Beila Lew • David Lew • Feigel Friedman • Pinchas Friedman • Jankele Friedman • Rachele Friedman • Beila Leshner • Gitle Leshner • Israel LeshnerJosef Hertz • Royza Hertz • Hersch Hroshowsky • Rachel Hroshowsky • Meir Hroshowsky • Kayla Hroshowsky • Sayndl Hertz • Samson Hertz • Kayla Hertz • Avohom & Lejb Hertz • Feyga Krasnik • Dvora Krasnik • Miriam Krasnik • Hene Krasnik • Max Kachtof • Mikhlya Kachtof • Sioma Kachtof • Gruna Chertkof & FamilySima Alter • Abram Bluvshteyn • Shafman Family • Lazare Brodski • Max Brodski • Beyla & Simkha Rubin • Miriam Adelman & Family • From Rozentuler • Fishkin Family • Soshke Fishkin • Dovid Fishkin • Yentel Fishkin • Sarah Fishkin • Mereliebe Fishkin • Yitzchak Fishkin • Rivka Henye Fishkin • Zeltser, Kyperman, Kats Family • Schleicher Family
We remember
Mika, Moishe, Gersh & Riva Mazler • Ribnitzer
Isaac, Srul & Mayka Karshenboim • Balta
Yacov & Polina Ruvinski • Beltsy
Udl, Velvel, Isaac, Channah, Moishe, Rita, Nachman, Hayka, Ylisla, Sonya, Velvel, Azyz, Motya & Dora Gleyzer - Artsyz
From Gleyzer Family

Mota Ongeyberg • Sima Ongeyberg • Sumson Ongeyberg • Mariyasha Ongeyberg • Shahna Kontorovich • Sonya Kontorovich • Israel Berger • Beila Zisman Isimerman • Schawel Family • Charny Family • Abel Family • Berger FamilyEmma Melnikova • Emanuel Bornstein & Family • Usher, Chaya, Polya Gerzon • Mariya Gimperovich & children • Yakov Gimperovich • Arnold Zofja Sara-Golde • Mayer, Sarah, Pepa, Juta, Chava Grinberg • Yosel A. & Leah Grobman • Duvid, Volvi, Dvovri Rottenstein • Dvoyra & Itzrok Etner • Miriam & Becalel Brunshtein • Kekhtman family • Pinchas, David, Sussman, Eky Glikel Sussman • Yosef Shvarts • Genya Shvarts • Zeva Rachel Sohn • Yitzchak Sohn • Breindel Sohn • Zina Sosonkin • Josef Sosonken • Haim Soyferman
Emmanuel Ringelblum
(1900 - 1944)
Historian and chronicler of the Warsaw Ghetto, Ringenblum organized a secret archive, Oneg Shabbat, to document Nazi inhumanity and preserve a record of ghetto life. It is the most extensive source about Jews under German occupation.

He also ran a network of soup kitchens and helped establish a society to promote Yiddish culture. Two of three parts of the Ringenblum archive buried in milk cans survived the war.

In March 1944 he, his wife, and son as well as the Polish family with whom they and other Jews hid in Aryan Warsaw were informed upon. Arrested by the Nazi Gestapo (Secret State Police) and shot.

In loving memory of Kazanov Family
Moisey, Ester and children Yakov, Sima, Meira, Aaron and eight hundred Jews of the village of Tatarsk, Smolensk Region of Russia, brutally killed in 1941-1942.Lina & Isaak Eisig Kranz • Tsipa & Roma Papirov • Oropnick Family • Basya Vaysblat • Mickhail Braslavsky • Brocha Kaufman • Chaya Rinder • Feivish Rinder • Moisey Keyi • Schneier Family • Yontel Eylenkrig • Russell Eylenkrig
Transnistria
This area now in the western Ukraine between the Dneister and Southern Bug Rivers was granted to Romania by the Nazis in September 1941 to be used for the deportation of the Jews from Bessarabia, Bukovina and northern Moldova.

Earlier that summer tens of thousands of Ukrainian Jews from annexed territories of the Ukraine had been murdered by invading German and Romanian army units. Another 90,000 would die in the newly formed Transnistria. A total of about 150,000 Jews were detained there including tens of thousands from old Romania who fell victim to starvation, cold, and disease. Dictator Ion Antonescu’s intervention by Jewish community leader Wilhelm Filderman and others worked to alleviate conditions in September 1942. Anonescu halted a Nazi plan to subject Romanian Jewry to “special handling,” a euphemism for murder.

Soviet advances witnessed the first repatriation of Jews to Romania in December 1943. Of the deportees to Transnistria, some 90,000 perished by the time the Red Army arrived three months later.

Naum Kagan & Berl Kagan • Mollie Bortnik & Family • Kisilevich Aron Shulmovich • Minna (Grunebaum) Wolf • Leah & Masey Zaferman • Chaya Grunbaum • Schlomo Grunbaum & children • Lola Leyke Cymring
New Lubliner & Vicinity

It’s really a wonder that I haven’t dropped all my ideals because they seem so absurd and impossible to carry out. Yet, I keep them because in spite of everything I still believe that people are really good at heart. I simply can’t build up my hopes on a foundation consisting of confusion, misery and death. I see the world gradually being turned into a wilderness. I hear the ever-approaching thunder which will destroy us too. I can feel the suffering of millions. And yet, if I look up into the heavens, I think that it will all come right, that this cruelty too will end and that peace and tranquility will return again.

--Anne Frank,

The Diary of Anne Frank, July 15, 1944

Dedicated to the Memory of the Homosexual Community
After the Nazis seized power in 1933, the persecution of homosexuals intensified in Germany. In 1935, the law that in 1871 criminalized homosexual acts (Penal Code Paragraph 175) was expanded. In 1936 the police task force to combat homosexuality and abortion was formed.

Around 50,000 men were convicted under Paragraph 175. Thousands of male homosexuals were incarcerated in concentration camps where many died. Victims of harsh conditions, hard labor, medical experimentation, beatings or murder. Some had to wear pink triangles for identification.

After the war, homosexuals continued to be arrested and prosecuted under Paragraph 175 until its repeal in 1969.

I thought I had become inured to atrocities, but here at Majdanek is a point of new and clinical interest. It is the diabolical system and efficiency, the comprehensive centrally directed planning that for the first time made a totalitarian modern industry out of the reduction of the human being from an upright ambulatory animal to a kilogram of gray ashes.

--Edgar Snow
War Correspondent, 1944


In memory of the 5000 Jews murdered by Nazis in the Town of Talnoe, Ukraine on August 16, 1941Markuse Edelist Family • Leib & Gala Reznikov • Eve & Abrasha Volfson • Syrka & Szoel Wajsbrot & Family • Yehoshua Wanderer • Zajac, Miriem Leah • Israel, Golde, Luba, Icha Osovsky and Family • Avrom Meyer Alperovich • Henock Zhurkovsky • Basya Zhurkovsky • Musya Rabinovich • In memory of Murawiec Family • Volf Goykhberg • Boruch Raykhelson • Basha Leah RaykhelsonHerman Palkovitz • Terisa Palkovitz • Avraham Yitzchak Klein • Sarah Leibowitz Klein • Palkovita Family • Klein Family • Klara PalkovitzIn memory of twelve thousand Jews murdered at Khmelnick, Ukraine
Chelmno
The first of the six Nazi death camps, Chelmno, was the execution ground for prisoners from the Reich-annexed western Polish provinces beginning in December 1941.

Captives were crammed 50 to 70 at a time into stationary gas vans. Carbon monoxide was then pumped in, Jewish prisoners were ordered to bury the bodies in large pits. Western European Jews, together with 5,000 Gypsies from the Lodz Ghetto. Poles, Soviet PoWs, and 88 Czech children from the village of Lidice were subsequently sent to the camp for extermination.

The camp closed in March 1943 but was reopened months later to kill 7,000 more Jews from Lodz in late June 1944. Deportations from the Lodz Ghetto to Chelmno began anew by the end of August. These transports were diverted to Auschwitz to accelerate the pace of the Lodz Ghetto’s liquidation from September 1944 on. Efforts were made to destroy all traces of the installation when the Nazis abandoned Chelmno in January 1945. The remaining 50 camp-laborers resisted execution. Only three managed to survive more than 320,000 people were murdered at Chelmno.

Nison & Rachel Gubenko • Khiyi & Rachel Zolotorevski • Yankel & Beila A. Kershteyn • Chinka Ulaner & Family • Weinblatt Chaya, Noach & children • Bracha, Avrumel, Reva, Yehudis, Boruch Hershel • Klapper Family • Lederman Family • Yankel Knafelman • Regina & Malvina Solomon • Leczycki Family • Pesa, Leib, Cesia, Zawal • Lefowitz Family • Solmon & Klara Levin • Heniek Hemmerling • Mechul Mandelbaum • Anshel Urbach Rand • Abram Lukachevsky • Enta & Raiza Lazary • Haim Schmiel Leib Fried • Girsh I. Birg
Blessed is the match consumed in kindling flame

Blessed is the flame that burns in the secret fastness of the heart

Blessed is the heart with strength to stop its beating for honor’s sake

Blessed is the match consumed in kindling flame

--Hannah Szenes, 1944


In memory of Zhmerinka Ghetto victims
Anchel Kizhnerman & Anatoly Kizhnerman

Manya & Nina Perelman • Zyama Friedlyand
Minsk, Belarus

Khaim & Inna Idelchik • Minsk Ghetto • November 1941

Duvid & Shifra Goldiner • Yzvin, Ukraine • 1942

Alkon Bukengolts • Glusk, Belarus • 1941
Schloma & Boruch Uvshits • Parichi, Velarus • 1942-1944

Frieda & Fanny Zwick • Treblinka • 1944

Abraham Regirer • Krolevets, Ukraine • 1943

Dinaburg Galber & Naydick Families • Babi Yar

Betya Bouhman & Family • Pechora Camp • 1942


In memory of thousands of Jews killed by the Nazis in the ghetto of Glusk, Belarus
December 1941

Kristallnacht
A notorious pogrom throughout Germany and Austria launched by Hitler’s propaganda chief, Joseph Goebbels in November 1938. “The Night of Broken Glass” marked the first large-scale violence against Jews and paved the way for their eviction from Germany. The pretext for the assault was the fatal shooting in Paris of a German diplomat by 17-year-old Hershcel Grynszpan who sought to avenge Germany’s expulsion of 17,000 Jews.

More than 900 synagogues were set ablaze and some 7,500 homes and businesses were vandalized. 91 Jews were murdered, countless numbers injured and approximately 30,000 subsequently deported to Dachau, Buchanwald, and Sachsenhausen soon thereafter. A fine of one billion Reichmarks was levied on the Jewish community, and a General Office for Jewish Emigration was created.

Talnoe Ukraine 1941 - 1945

Feldman: Chaim, Raisa, Charna, Sonya • Bershadsky: Basya, Yakov, Senya • Zlotchenko: Chaim, Golda, Isilia, Ida, Mendel • Zubatov: Schloymo, Nemirovsky, Matvey • Mogiliver: Basya, Shaya, Leah, Simon, Rachel • Doba: Josif, Fenya, Manya, Mottel • Zhitniski: Aron, Yakov, Fruma • Shanayder: Zeyda, Roza, Boris • Kvichko: Zaylik, Fayga, IsaakReuven & Ester Eisentat • Leo & Jenny Gerber • Bernhard & Rachel Gerber • Hessel Family Horodenka • Khasin: Eykhon, Mere-Leya, Fridel • Ephraim Fischel Feldberg • Yocheved Feldberg • Abraham Hersh Feldberg • Ahron Benjamin Feldberg • Chaya Sara Feldberg • Leonid Rutman • Iglewitz Family • Segal Family • Pianka Family • Haim Yampolsky • Isaak Yevseyevich GorodetskiyDedicated to the sacred memory of destroyed Jewish communities of Kalisz and vicinity Poland, whose Jewish residents were killed in the camp and ghettos of Eastern Europe 1942-1945

Blaszki • Kolo • Konin • Kozminek • Opatowiec • Kychwal • Sieradz • Stawszyn • Turek • Zagorow • Pysdry

I believe in God and in the world to come. When each of us comes before the six million we will be asked what we did with our lives. One will say he became a watchmaker and another will say that he became a tailor. But I will be able to say I did not forget you.

-- Simon Wiesenthal, pursuer of Nazi criminals (1908 - )


Fyvish Brener • Raziaya Brener • Yevgenia Brener • Zisi Beletsky • Bayla Beletskaya • Malka Lyamport • Lev Yurich • Chaim Ulitsky • Vannitsa Squeer Ukraine
Roza Robata
This member of the Zionist Youth Movement Hashomer Hatsa Jr was among the first prisoners placed in the women’s camp at Birkenau (Auschwitz II)

She along with a group of young Jewish women helped smuggle small quantities of explosives from the Weichsel-Union munitions factory (a Krupp slave-labor factory in Auschwitz) to the underground in Auschwitz and to the Jewish Sonderkommando who worked in the Birkenau crematoria.

Following an investigation of the Sonderkommando Revolt in October 1944 in which one of the crematoria was destroyed and another damaged with these explosives. Robata and three other female workers in the union factory were arrested despite severe torture at the hands of Nazi soldiers. Robata never yielded the names and communication channels of the core underground group. On January 6, 1945, she and her three comrades ala Gertner, Regina Safirsztajn and Esther Wajcblum were hanged before the assembled female prisoners of Auschwitz I. Robata’s last message to her associates concluded with the words “Chazak v ematz!” -- Be strong and be brave!

In honor of the people of Albania
Their courage and compassion during the Holocaust succeeded in the rescue of almost the entire Albanian Jewish population as well as hundreds of foreign Jews seeking refuge.Wainman Family: Ruvin & Zipa • Shapiro Family: Sonya & Boya, Maya, Aron • Sheteinman Family: Malka & Michael, Monya, Alla & Roma • Plaks Family: Selda & Grisha, Luisa • Wainman Family: Mendel & Riva • Anzel & Family

Wainman Family: Berl & Dina, children & grandchildren • Petr Lagunchik

Killed in Puchovichi, Belarus 1941 - 1943

Mazo Family: Zalman, Keylia, Doba, Risha, Gilia • Mota Futureman • Vernov Family: David, Chava, Maria, Riva • Abba and Leya Eridlender • Mirskiy Family: Pavel, Anna, Zalman, Lusia • Zilbergleyd Family: Lev, Ida, Menia, Riva, Adolf and thousands of Jews killed in Borisov, Zembin, Mstizh
Belarus Summer-Fall of 1941

In memory of Yefim, Feiga and Klara Rukhlin who were killed by Nazi in 1942 in Ulanov, Vinnitsa District, Ukraine

In memory of our father Armin Klein, who perished in Auschwitz and is remembered by his children and grandchildren

In memory of thousands of Jews who perished in the City of Vinnitsa and Vinnitsa Region during the Holocaust of 1941-1944
Vinnitsa • Bar • Bershad • Brastlav • Gaysin • Zhmerinka • Kalinovka • Kryzhopol • Litini • Mogilev-Podolskiy • Nemivor • Tulchin • Khmelnik • Shargorod • Yampol • Pechora • Illinici • Tyvrov • Shpikov • Dzhurin
I have never felt able to describe my emotional reactions when I first came face to face with indisputable evidence of Nazi brutality and ruthless disregard of every shred of decency.

I visited every nook and cranny of the camp because I felt it my duty to be in a position from then on to testify at firsthand about these things in case there ever grew up at home the the belief or assumption that the stories of Nazi brutality were just propaganda. I not only did so but as soon as I returned I sent communications to both Washington and London urging the two governments to send instantly to Germany a random group of newspaper editors and representative groups from the national legislatures. I felt that the evidence should be immediately placed before the American and British publics in a fashion that would leave no room for cynical doubt.

-- General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Commander - Allied Forces in Europe after entering Buchenwald 1945


The Bermuda Conference
In the wake of the public outcry over the December 1942 United Nations Declaration on Jewish Massacres, an Anglo-American Conference was held in Bermuda in April 1943 ostensibly to address wartime refugee problems.

No recognized representative of the Jewish community was permitted to attend. The two delegations ultimately thwarted any measures to aid European Jews including the idea of rescue negotiations with the Nazis and the prospect of opening up Palestine as a haven for Jews.

One small refugee camp was eventually created in North Africa. This saved a few hundred lives.

Sofia Sulianovich and children • Polina Israel Boris • Mendel Branover • Leva Pancheshnikov • Esther Goldburt • Skop Riva • Ruvim Irma • Kitsis Family • Kholodivker Family • Abram and Evgeniya Gorelik • Leon Gorelik • Boris Orlovsky • Hilel Herschitz and family • Jenya Mendelson and family • Bernhart Lutrin • Rosa BerdichevskayaZalmen Rutenberg • Murduh Rutenberg • Zalman Rutenberg • Girh Gurevich • Morduh Profis • Rohl Profis • Esther Lempert • Shimon Lempert • Ida Lempert • Nakhman Pukin • Emma Pukin • Rachel Pukin • Frida Pukin • Judith Pukin
Struma
The deportation of Jews to Transnistria began in September 1941 and continued into early October 1942 in December 1941. 769 Jews seeking asylum boarded the Struma an old 56-foot cattle boat in Constanza, Romania, their intended destination was Palestine which they hoped to enter by way of Istanbul.

With great difficulty, the

Struma managed to arrive in the port of Istanbul. For ten weeks the passengers were confined to the boat, denied entry by the Turks who refused to place them in a transit camp until the journey could be resumed.

British High Commissioner Harold MacMichael opposed granting immigration visas for the continuation of the trip despite the Jewish agency for Palestine’s appeal that the group be deducted from the May 1939 white paper quotas which greatly limited the entry of Jews to Palestine. Turkish police towed the

Struma out to sea though it carried no fuel, food, or water. Within a few hours the boat sank, struck in apparent error by a Soviet submarine torpedo. Only one passenger, David Stollar, swam to safety.
Banchevsky Family
Abraham, Hannah, Joseph, Maria, Olga, Anna, Leo and Pavlik
Donetsk, Ukraine, 1942

Terletsky Family
Mendel and Roza
Uman, Ukraine


Bukhsbaum Family: Jacob, Henia, Mindl, Boruch, Enta, Frida, Lia, Radvaneth and family
Killed in Lvov Ghetto 1942

Yampolsky Family: Aron, Liza, Fenya, Nata, Gregory, Anna, Nina, Markus • Markus Family: Tunya, Manya, Bella
Killed in Babi Yar 1942

Teytelbaum Family: Beila • Manya and Children: Lyuba, Fira, Liza, Leybl, Tsiklyonok and thousands of Jewish residents of the village of Engulets, Dnepropetrovsk Region killed in June 1942

Klistorner Family: Sima, Ruchal, Frida, Perla and children: Izya Fira

Killed in Ordzhonikidze District Rostov Region

Mogilev-Podolsky
1941 - 1944
Dedicated to 5467 innocent victims of the Nazi brutality in the Mogilev-Podolsky Ghetto, Shtetles and villages of Ukraine, whose sacred memory is enshrined in our hearts.
In Memory of the Holocaust in Latvia
Between 1941 and 1945 more than 90,000 Jews were murdered mostly on Latvian soil by the Nazis and their Latvian collaborators. This included 70,000 Latvian Jews and 20,000 Jews who were deported from Germany and other German-occupied countries.In memory of Daynichev Family and 3,000 Jews murdered by Nazis in the Town of Braelov, Ukraine on July 10, 1942.Karalitskly, Odesskiy, Gimelfarb Families

Moishe & Taube Kaplonski • Libby, Abe & Rivke Batkovski • Belka, Alter, Marsha & Eli Schitnitski • Bishki, Sara, Leah, Frieda Kaplonski

Treblinka
This infamous name refers to two Nazi camps. Treblinka I operated from December 1941 through July 1944 as a forced-labor camp for Jews and Poles in which at least 7,000 people -- 90 percent Jews -- perished. Treblinka II became the third (after Belzec and Sobibor) major camp for killing Polish Jews and those Jews deported to the general government area of occupied Poland. It was razed in October 1943.

Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto were its first victims in July 1942, followed by Jews from the Radom Bialystok and Lublin Districts. Some 29,000 Jews from Central Eruope and the Balkans were gassed there as well as 2,000 Gypsies.

Ukrainian units were common at most death-camp sites and at many concentration and forced-labor camps. A Ukrainian company served as camp guards helping the SS shoot sick Jews and sometimes operating the gas chambers. In August 1943, 650 prisoners revolted, setting fire to camp buildings and attacking guards. 70 of the escapees survived to celebrate V-E Day. About 850,000 Jews died in Treblinka II before the buildings were razed in October 1943 to obliterate all traces of the crime.

Sobibor
This death camp was established to murder the Jews of the Lublin District of Poland. In three months following following Sobibor’s opening in May 1942, nearly 100,000 Polish, Czech, German, and Austrian Jews were gassed in the death camps shower rooms. Cremation of the bodies began in the summer of that year. Before the closing of Sobibor, 200,000 Jews were murdered.

In October 1943 Soviet-Jewish POW Aleksandr Pechersky and former Zolkiew Judenrat chairman Leon Feldhendler led 300 Prisoners in an escape attempt after killing several camp guards. Most who fled were quickly recaptured and killed as were 200 inmates who had not taken part in the revolt after the incident. The Nazis decided to liquidate Sobibor and make it into a farm for Ukranian Guard.

Units of the Red Army and the Polish people’s units of the Red Army liberated the area near the former Sobibor Camp in the Summer of 1944.

Ponary
Ponary was a major massacre site for the Jews of Lithuania between June 1941 and July 1944. In this wooded area outside Vilna, the systematic slaughter of Jews from the Vilna Ghetto and surrounding areas took place.

SS officers and German police assisted by Lithuanian collaborators machine-gunned 70,000 to 100,000 people (the majority of whom were Jews along with Soviet POWs) at the edge of large open pits in September 1943, the burning of the corpses began. Some 80 Jews who were forced to do this task later escaped. 15 survived and joined Soviet partisans in the Rudniki Forest.

Avrum & Isruel Shteyn • Aba & Gitle Val • Jurzdyczanski Family • Lubetsky Family • Borys & Sara Aksman • Reuven & Ester Eisenstat • Jacob Lea Sala Zyngier • Luba Sofa Marder • Feige Chotiner
Auschwitz (Oswiecim)
Located 37 miles west of Cracow, Poland, Auschwitz was the most extensive and infamous of Nazi Germany’s 2,000 concentration and labor camps and the largest of the six death centers for Europe’s Jews.

In Birkenau (Auschwitz II) Zyklon B. hydrogen cyanide gas was used in the gas chambers. Beginning in January 1942 barbarous medical experiments were also conducted. During an uprising on October 7, 1944, Jewish Sonderkommando prisoners (who were required to cremate the bodies) destroyed one of the four crematoria and damaged another, killed several SS guards and actually managed to escape. Few of these prisoners ultimately survived the revolt.

On November 2, 1944, SS Chief Heinrich Himmler ordered a halt to the gassing of Jews followed by the destruction of the gas chambers and crematoria. Forced marches into Germany’s interior began in January 1945. The Red Army liberated history’s greatest slaughterhouse on January 27, 1945. Approximately 1.25 million people were murdered at Auschwitz -- 90 percent of them Jews along with thousands of Gypsies, Soviet POWs and Polish politician prisoners.

Majdanek
A concentration camp and death center near Lublin, Majdanek was the site of one of the war’s worst massacres on November 3, 1943, when 17,000 to 18,000 Jews were machine-gunned in a single day as part of the Erntefest (“Harvest Festival”) Massacre. A large number of Jews were also murdered at the same time in the nearby camps of Trawniki and Poniatowa. Approximately 42,000 Jews were murdered in Operation Harvest Festival.

An estimated 275,000 prisoners were killed there beginning in the Summer of 1942 including 125,000 Jews from Poland as well as the rest of occupied Europe. Sixty percent of the victims died form starvation, exhaustion, disease, and torture. Forty percent, mostly Jews, were gassed in death chambers and vans or otherwise executed. Ten thousand Jews deemed fit for labor were transferred to Auschwitz and elsewhere in the Summer of 1943.

The Red Army in which a half-million Jews served liberated the camp in July 1944. The BBC refused to use an eyewitness account by its own correspondent, incredulous that the horrors detailed could be other than Soviet propaganda.

Theresienstadt
This ghetto-style concentration camp in northwestern Czechoslovakia was established in November 1941 for the temporary housing of Jews from the Bohemia and Moravia protectorate, as well as Jews from Germany, Austria and other Western European countries.

Art, music, poetry, and secret classes for children flourished at Theresienstadt. There was once a choral performance of Verdi’s “Requiem.” These were all eloquent efforts to resist the Nazi effort at dehumanization.

In July 1944 in order to deceive a delegation from the International Red Cross and Denmark, Theresienstadt was transformed into a model ghetto. Soon thereafter the Germans made a propaganda film about their fine treatment of Jews. Camp residents were subsequently deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau.

The deportation from Theresienstadt to death camps in the East (mainly Auschwitz and Treblinka) began in September 1942. By October 1942 the transports went exclusively to Auschwitz-Birkenau and continued at intervals with the final phase of deportation occurring in the Fall of 1944.

Of the 140,000 Jews who arrived at Theresienstadt from its opening until the arrival of the Red army in May 1945, 33,000 died there. Of the 88,000 who were sent to other ghettos and death camps, 3,000 survived the war. Of the 15,000 children sent to Terezin, fewer than 1,000 survived.

Adolf Mokovic • Chaim Mokovic • Hani Moskovicova • Benjamin Moskovic • Moric Moskovic • Izidor Moskovic
Auschwitz

Majer Naetulovic • Simona Fridman • Moric Mojse Naftulovic • Miriam Naftulovicova • Sidonia Naftulovicova • Majer Naftulovic
Auschwitz

Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
In reaction to the deportation of 310,000 Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto to Treblinka between July and October 1942 members of the Warsaw Ghetto underground joined forces to construct bunkers, obtain a small number of weapons and manufacture grenades and crude bombs.

On January 18, 1943, the ill-prepared Jewish combat organization commonly known by its Polish acronym ZOB engaged in four days of fighting thus halting the section Action on April 19, 1943. As the final German assault began against the ghetto’s remaining 60,000 Jews, 24-year-old Mrdecai Anielewicz led a revolt to avenge murdered Jewry. “My life’s dream has been realized,” read his last message to associate Yitzhak Zuckerman, “Greatness and glory.”

Despite scant help from Polish forces and none from the Allies, the fighting lasted nearly a month until the Germans burned down the ghetto. The few survivors escaped through sewers to Aryan Warsaw.

In memory of the Jewish communities of Belarus and MoldovaIn memory of the more than one hundred thousand Jews killed by the Nazis in the ghetto of Minsk, Belarus 1941 - 1943
Minsk

In commemoration of the victims of the Siege of Leningrad whose heroic resistance saved the city from the Holocaust
1941 - 1945

Kharkov, Ukraine
In memory of the Holocaust victims killed in Drobitskiy Yar, the tractor factory barracks, the synagogue and the gas chambers during 1941 - 1943
Dedicated to the memory of the political prisoners and “Asocials”
Beginning in 1933, political opponents of the Nazis were sent to Dachau and other concentration camps in Germany. Communists, Social Democrats, Trade Unionists, Liberal Democrats, and even conservative political opponents of the Nazi regime were marked by the red triangles they had to wear. Tens of thousands of people who the Germans believed were engaging in political opposition to German rule in occupied Europe were incarcerated in the camps.

Lesbians, alcoholics, homeless people, and others were deemed “Asocials” and were forced to wear black triangles in the concentration camps. They were subjected to forced manual labor justified by the Nazis as reeducation to instill proper social habits and personal discipline.

In memory of thousands of Jews killed n the Bershad Ghetto during the Holocaust.In memory of 200,000 Jews killed in the Holocaust 1941 - 1944 in Odessa Region.
Prisoners of the Ghetto of the Shtetl Ozarentsy, Mogilev & Podolsky Region
Yosif Grinshpun • Ronya Grinshpun • Shloyma Fishman • Benchik Fishman

Pinya Leya • Nina Vaysman

Erected 1997 by NYC Parks.

Topics and series. This memorial is listed in these topic lists: Civil RightsLaw EnforcementWar, World II. In addition, it is included in the NYC Parks, and the The Holocaust series lists. A significant historical date for this entry is May 8, 1945.

Location. 40°34.952′N, 73°57.215′W. Marker is in Brooklyn, New York, in Kings County. It is in Manhattan Beach. Memorial is on Shore Boulevard south of Emmons Avenue, on the right when traveling north. Touch for map. Marker is at or near this postal address: West End Ave, Brooklyn NY 11235, United States of America. Touch for directions.



Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within walking distance of this marker. Chiune Sigihara (within shouting distance of this marker); Babi Yar Park (approx. ¼ mile away); Babi Yar Triangle (approx. ¼ mile away); Sheepshead Bay Veterans Memorial (approx. half a mile away); F. D. N. Y. (approx. 0.6 miles away); Bill Brown Playground (approx. 0.8 miles away); Private William J. Hennessy Memorial (approx. one mile away); Theodore Roosevelt Memorial (approx. one mile away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in Brooklyn.

Also see . . . Brooklyn Holocaust Memorial. Photos of the memorial (Submitted on August 15, 2024, by Devry Becker Jones of Washington, District of Columbia.)

Additional commentary.
1. Commentary on the Holocaust Memorial
This memorial park is near the intersection of Sheepshead Bay, Manhattan Beach and Brighton Beach. The area is home to a large population that is of Jewish, Ukrainian heritage. Text on the markers appears to be in English (using the Roman alphabet), Ukrainian (using the Cyrillic alphabet) and Hebrew. As of the time where I added the Roman-alphabet text to the marker.

There are over 200 stones featured in the memorial. Some of the stones feature narratives. Others feature lists of names. Yet others are general memorials. Some of the stones are blank except for the rock's circled number. This symbolism isn't lost on me -- we may not ever know every name of the millions who perished in the Holocaust.

My intent is to respectfully share the text on this memorial. If someone in the future wishes to share the Cyrillic and Hebrew scripts, I welcome this. If there are any transcription errors, feel invited to submit updates.

Additionally, to be transparent -- I made the decision to put the entire memorial on one profile because it was the best way to include as a many of the stones as possible, particularly those that include only small lists of names.

— Submitted August 15, 2024, by Devry Becker Jones of Washington, District of Columbia.


Credits. This page was last revised on August 16, 2024. It was originally submitted on August 15, 2024, by Devry Becker Jones of Washington, District of Columbia. This page has been viewed 35 times since then. Photos: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.submitted on August 15, 2024, by Devry Becker Jones of Washington, District of Columbia.
Holocaust Memorial Historical Marker (2024)

FAQs

What do the blocks represent at the Holocaust memorial? ›

Some blocks are spaced farther apart and are isolated from other blocks. This is often understood as a symbolic representation of the forced segregation and confinement of Jews during the Nazi regime. The continuation of "sameness" and unity in the Nazi regime depended on the act of exclusion.

What is the significance of the Holocaust memorial in Berlin? ›

The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in the middle of Berlin is Germany's central Holocaust memorial, a place of remembrance and commemoration for the up to six million Jewish victims of the Holocaust. It was officially opened on 10 May 2005.

What does the National Holocaust Monument represent? ›

The National Holocaust Monument, entitled Landscape of Loss, Memory and Survival, ensures that the lessons of the Holocaust, as well as the remarkable contribution Holocaust survivors have made to Canada, remain within the national consciousness for generations to come.

How many stones are in the Berlin Holocaust memorial? ›

The Holocaust Memorial consists of an undulating field of 2711 concrete steles, which can be passed through from all sides.

What are the stone markers in Germany? ›

More than 45,000 of these stones are solidly rooted across cities in Europe, including 916 places in Germany alone, where large strides have been taken to memorialize Jewish life, history and culture. Each Stolperstein commemorates a victim of the Holocaust at that person's last known address.

What are the stumbling stones in Amsterdam? ›

These “stumbling stones” commemorate those targeted by the National Socialist regime around and during the Second World War. Since the first stone was laid in the early 1990s, they have spread across multiple other countries, and there are now over 100.000 brass-plated Stolpersteine throughout Europe.

What is the meaning of the Holocaust monument? ›

Located at the corner of Wellington and Booth streets in Ottawa, the Monument features six soaring triangular concrete segments that create the points of a star — reminiscent of the yellow stars that Jews were forced to wear during the Holocaust.

What are the criticism of the Holocaust memorial in Berlin? ›

Critics protested that the memorial in Berlin, Germany was too abstract and did not present historical information about the Nazi campaign against the Jews. Other people said that the memorial resembled a vast field of nameless tombstones that symbolically captured the horror of the Nazi death camps.

Why is the Berlin Wall Memorial important? ›

The purpose of the memorial is to document the history of Berlin between the wall being built and being torn down. The Berlin Wall Memorial, situated right at the heart of the capital city, is the main memorial site dedicated to the division of Germany.

What does the Holocaust memorial in Miami symbolize? ›

Photo by Miami Daily Life - The hand symbolizes the pain and despair of a man-made hell - in the background you can see a part of the memorial wall with the names of the victims. The sculpture poignantly symbolizes the agony and hopelessness experienced within a created inferno.

What does the war monument symbolize? ›

A war memorial is a building, monument, statue, or other edifice to celebrate a war or victory, or (predominating in modern times) to commemorate those who died or were injured in a war.

What is the meaning of nuclear holocaust? ›

A nuclear holocaust, also known as a nuclear apocalypse, nuclear annihilation, nuclear armageddon, or atomic holocaust, is a theoretical scenario where the mass detonation of nuclear weapons causes widespread destruction and radioactive fallout.

What are the blocks at the Holocaust memorial? ›

It consists of 2711 concrete slabs, or stelae, arranged in a grid pattern over 4.7 acres (Brody). The concrete slabs are rectangular in shape with sharp lines. Marian Marzynski, a Holocaust survivor, suggests that the slabs resemble architecture of the Hitler regime. The slabs plunge out of the ground vertically.

What are the stumbling blocks in Rome? ›

These polished brass stones, shaped square like a Roman cobble and engraved with the name of a local Jewish resident, marks the exact spot where Holocaust victims were rounded up by Nazi soldiers during WWII and deported to Auschwitz or other death camps.

What are the stumbling stones in Munich? ›

They remember the fate of the victims of Nazi Germany being murdered, deported, exiled or driven to suicide. Generally, the stumbling blocks are posed in front of the building where the victims had their last self chosen residence.

What does the Holocaust memorial in Miami Beach represent? ›

The Holocaust Memorial Miami Beach is a proud part of the Greater Miami Jewish Federation. Each year, more than 100,000 people visit this important Miami Beach landmark, known worldwide for its dramatic sculptures and unforgettable exhibits dedicated to the six million Jews murdered during World War II.

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